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Definition

A port-wine stain is a birthmark that causes a reddish-purple patch of skin. The birthmark is composed of enlarged capillaries, which give it the distinctive color.

Port-wine stains usually occur at birth and are typically initially flat, and may become darker and raised as the child ages. The birthmarks are typically found on the head and neck, but may occur anywhere on the body.

Acquired port wine stains may occur at an older age and may be caused by a traumatic injury. This is extremely rare.

Port-wine stains may cause emotional and social problems due to their cosmetic appearance.

Port-wine stains may be a single finding or be associated with visual, nervous system, or skeletal abnormalities.

Causes

When not associated with other conditions, port-wine stains are benign (harmless) abnormalities of the blood vessels in the top portion of the skin.

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. There are no known risk factors for port-wine stains.

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

  • A birthmark that is:
    • Reddish or purplish in color (in adults)
    • Flat, red or light purple lesion (in children)
    • May be raised in adults
    • Typically occurs on the head or neck
    • May bleed if scratched
    • Darkens and may become thicker with age

Diagnosis

Port-wine stains can typically be diagnosed based on its appearance. In some rare cases, a doctor may request a skin biopsy]]> to confirm a diagnosis of a port-wine stain.

Skin Biopsy

Skin proceedure
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Treatment

Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include:

Lasers

Lasers destroy the tiny blood vessels in the port-wine stain. Risks of treatments include scarring and skin lightening or darkening.

Flash-lamp Pumped Pulse Dye Laser

Flash-lamp pumped pulse dye laser is considered the treatment of choice for port-wine stains. The laser is directed to the blood vessel. Multiple treatments may be necessary. To decrease pain associated with laser treatment, topical or local anesthesia may be used. Systemic anesthesia may be used in infants.

Other Treatments

Other treatment options include freezing, surgery, tattooing, and radiation, but these have had limited success. Lasers have replaced many of these treatments. New, promising laser options are being studied.

Prevention

Port-wine stains cannot be prevented.